Clinical guide
Find a condition and read its clinical guidance.
410 conditions · Page 3 of 11
Chronic Hepatitis B Infection
Gastrointestinal & Hepatic System
Persistent infection with the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) for more than 6 months (defined by presence of HBsAg). Can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Chronic Hepatitis C Infection
Gastrointestinal & Hepatic System
Persistent infection with the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) for more than 6 months. A leading cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Now often curable with Direct-Acting Antiviral (DAA) therapy.
Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy
Obstetrics
Hypertension (Blood Pressure >=140/90 mmHg) diagnosed before pregnancy or before 20 weeks of gestation.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Renal & Urinary System
Progressive loss of kidney function over months or years, defined by abnormalities of kidney structure or function (e.g., GFR <60 ml/min/1.73m² or markers of kidney damage like albuminuria) present for >3 months.
Chronic Leukaemia (Adult Overview)
Oncology
Malignant proliferation of mature-appearing blood cells, typically with a more indolent course than acute leukaemias. Main types in adults are Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) and Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML).
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Respiratory System
A progressive lung disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities, usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases (most commonly tobacco smok…
Chronic Pancreatitis
Gastrointestinal & Hepatic System
Progressive inflammatory disease of the pancreas resulting in irreversible damage, fibrosis, calcification, and loss of exocrine (digestive enzymes) and endocrine (insulin) function.
Colorectal & Anal Cancer
Oncology
Malignant tumours arising from the lining of the colon, rectum (colorectal cancer - CRC, predominantly adenocarcinoma) or anus (anal cancer - predominantly squamous cell carcinoma, often related to HPV).
Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill (COC)
Family Planning
Oral pills containing both an estrogen and a progestin hormone, taken daily to prevent pregnancy primarily by inhibiting ovulation.
Common Complaints During Pregnancy
Obstetrics
Management of common, non-life-threatening discomforts experienced during pregnancy.
Condom (Female)
Family Planning
A soft plastic (polyurethane or nitrile) pre-lubricated sheath with flexible rings at each end, inserted into the vagina before intercourse to prevent pregnancy and STIs.
Condom (Male)
Family Planning
A barrier method used during sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy and protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV.
Congenital Syphilis
HIV, STI & TB
Syphilis infection transmitted from an infected mother to her fetus during pregnancy or delivery. Can cause severe multi-system disease, stillbirth, or long-term disability if untreated.
Conjunctivitis
Ophthalmology (Eye Conditions)
Inflammation of the conjunctiva, the membrane lining the eyelid and covering the white part of the eyeball. Can be caused by infection, allergy, or irritation.
Constipation
Gastrointestinal & Hepatic System
A condition characterized by infrequent bowel movements (<3 per week), difficulty passing stools (straining, hard/lumpy stools, sensation of incomplete evacuation or blockage). Can be acute or chronic.
Coryza (Common Cold)
Respiratory System
Acute, self-limiting viral inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, primarily affecting the nasal mucosa (rhinitis) and pharynx (rhinopharyngitis).
COVID-19 Disease
Infectious Diseases
Infectious disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Spectrum ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe respiratory failure, multi-organ dysfunction, and death.
Cryptococcal Meningitis
Infectious Diseases
A fungal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (or C. gattii), typically occurring in individuals with severe immunosuppression, most commonly advanced HIV infection (CD4 count <100 cells/µL).
Cryptococcal Meningitis
Neurological System
A serious fungal infection of the meninges caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (or C. gattii). Primarily affects individuals with severely weakened immune systems, most commonly those with advanced HIV infection (CD4 count typically <100 cell…
Cushing's Syndrome
Endocrine & Metabolic System
A disorder resulting from prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of cortisol (a glucocorticoid hormone). Most commonly caused by exogenous administration of steroids (iatrogenic), less commonly by endogenous overproduction.
Deep Vein Thrombosis/Pulmonary Embolism (DVT/PE)
Cardiovascular System
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) involves clot formation in deep veins (leg/pelvis). Pulmonary Embolism (PE) occurs when a clot dislodges and travels to the lungs. These conditions are often considered together as venous thromboembolism (VTE).
Dehydration Management
Emergency Medicine & Critical Care
Condition caused by excessive loss of body fluids and salts, leading to reduced intravascular and intracellular volume. Management involves assessing the degree of dehydration and providing appropriate fluid replacement (oral or intravenous…
Delirium
Neurological System
An acute clinical syndrome characterized by disturbances in attention, awareness, and cognition, with a fluctuating course. It represents acute brain dysfunction due to an underlying medical condition, substance intoxication/withdrawal, or …
Dementia
Neurological System
A chronic, usually progressive decline in multiple cognitive domains (including memory, thinking, judgment, language) severe enough to interfere with daily functioning and independence. Not a normal part of aging.
Dental Caries
Oral & Dental Health
A disease process resulting in localized destruction (demineralization and dissolution) of tooth tissues by acids produced from bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates.
Dentin Hypersensitivity
Oral & Dental Health
Short, sharp pain arising from exposed dentin in response to stimuli, typically thermal, evaporative, tactile, osmotic or chemical, and which cannot be ascribed to any other dental defect or disease.
Depression
Mental Health & Substance Use
A common mood disorder characterized by persistent low mood, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, and reduced energy, leading to impaired functioning.
Diabetes in Pregnancy (Gestational & Pre-existing)
Obstetrics
Diabetes Mellitus diagnosed during pregnancy (Gestational Diabetes Mellitus - GDM) or pre-existing diabetes complicating pregnancy. Requires careful management to optimize maternal and fetal outcomes.
Diabetes Mellitus (General Management)
Endocrine & Metabolic System
A group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Includes Type 1, Type 2, Gestational Diabetes, and other specific types. Requires lifelong managemen…
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) / Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State (HHS)
Endocrine & Metabolic System
Acute, life-threatening complications of diabetes characterized by severe hyperglycaemia and dehydration. DKA involves ketone production and metabolic acidosis (more common in Type 1 DM). HHS involves extreme hyperglycaemia and hyperosmolar…
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)
Ophthalmology (Eye Conditions)
A microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus affecting the retina, caused by chronic hyperglycaemia damaging retinal blood vessels. A leading cause of preventable blindness in working-age adults.
Diarrhoea (General Approach)
Gastrointestinal & Hepatic System
Passage of three or more loose or watery stools in a 24-hour period. Can be acute (<14 days), persistent (14-29 days), or chronic (≥30 days). Dysentery refers to diarrhoea with visible blood and mucus. Management primarily focuses on fluid/…
Diphtheria
Infectious Diseases
An acute bacterial infection caused by toxin-producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae, primarily affecting the nasopharynx and causing systemic effects via exotoxin. Spread by droplets. Incubation 2-7 days.
Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease)
Infectious Diseases
A debilitating parasitic disease caused by the nematode Dracunculus medinensis. Transmitted solely by drinking stagnant water contaminated with microscopic water fleas (copepods) carrying infective larvae. Near eradication globally. A notif…
Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI)
Gastrointestinal & Hepatic System
Liver damage caused by exposure to medications (prescription or over-the-counter), herbal remedies, or dietary supplements. Presentation ranges from asymptomatic LFT elevation to acute liver failure.
Dry or Painful Mouth in Palliative Care
Palliative Care
Management of dry mouth (xerostomia), oral pain, ulcers, and infections common in palliative care.
Dysmenorrhoea
Gynecology
Abdominal pain occurring just before or during menstruation, typically starting 12 hours before menses and lasting 1-3 days. Can be primary (common in adolescents, unknown cause) or secondary (due to underlying pathology like PID or fibroid…
Dyspepsia
Gastrointestinal & Hepatic System
A symptom complex of upper abdominal pain or discomfort, often related to meals. Can include symptoms like heartburn, bloating, early satiety, nausea, or belching. May be functional or due to underlying organic disease.
Dysphagia
Gastrointestinal & Hepatic System
Subjective sensation of difficulty or abnormality in swallowing. Can be oropharyngeal (difficulty initiating swallow) or oesophageal (sensation of food sticking after initiating swallow). Requires investigation to determine underlying cause…
Ebola Virus Disease / Marburg Virus Disease
Infectious Diseases
Severe, often fatal, zoonotic multisystem febrile diseases caused by Ebola virus or Marburg virus (Filoviruses). Transmitted from animals (bats suspected reservoir, primates) to humans, then human-to-human via direct contact with body fluid…