Clinical guide
Find a condition and read its clinical guidance.
410 conditions · Page 4 of 11
Echinococcosis (Hydatid Disease)
Infectious Diseases
Zoonotic parasitic disease caused by infection with larval stages (cysts) of Echinococcus tapeworms. E. granulosus (cystic echinococcosis) is most common, involving dogs as definitive hosts and sheep/other livestock as intermediate hosts. H…
Eclampsia
Obstetrics
The occurrence of one or more generalized tonic-clonic seizures in a woman with pre-eclampsia, occurring after 20 weeks gestation, during labour, or postpartum, in the absence of other neurological conditions.
Eclampsia Management
Emergency Medicine & Critical Care
Occurrence of one or more generalized tonic-clonic seizures in a pregnant woman (after 20 weeks gestation), during labour, or postpartum, associated with pre-eclampsia (hypertension and proteinuria) and in the absence of other neurological …
Ectopic Pregnancy
Obstetrics
A pregnancy implanted outside the uterine cavity, most commonly in the fallopian tube. A life-threatening emergency if it ruptures, causing intra-abdominal haemorrhage.
Eczema / Dermatitis
Dermatology (Skin Conditions)
A group of inflammatory skin conditions characterized by itching, redness, dryness, and sometimes blistering, weeping, or scaling. Includes types like Atopic, Contact (Allergic/Irritant), Seborrhoeic, Discoid, and Stasis dermatitis.
Emergency Contraception (EC)
Family Planning
Methods used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse, contraceptive failure (e.g., condom break), or sexual assault. Available methods include Emergency Contraceptive Pills (ECPs) and the Copper Intrauterine Device (Cu-IUD…
End of Life Care Principles
Palliative Care
Principles and practical aspects of providing care for patients in the last days or hours of life, focusing on comfort, dignity, and support for the patient and family.
Endophthalmitis (Postoperative)
Ophthalmology (Eye Conditions)
Severe inflammation involving both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye, typically occurring as a complication after intraocular surgery (e.g., cataract surgery), due to introduction of microorganisms.
Epilepsy
Neurological System
A chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures, which are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. Epilepsy can manifest as convulsive (e.g., tonic-clonic) or non-convulsive seizures.
Epistaxis
ENT (Ear, Nose, Throat Conditions)
Bleeding from the nasal cavity, most commonly originating from Kiesselbach's plexus on the anterior nasal septum.
Eye Trauma (Foreign Body, Blunt, Penetrating, Chemical)
Ophthalmology (Eye Conditions)
Management approach to common types of eye injuries, including foreign bodies, blunt trauma, penetrating injuries, and chemical burns.
False Teeth ("Ebinnyo") Belief and Practice
Oral & Dental Health
A harmful traditional practice based on the belief that certain infant illnesses (diarrhoea, fever, vomiting) are caused by 'false teeth' (developing tooth buds, usually canines), leading to attempts at extraction by traditional healers.
Family Planning Counseling Principles & Key Steps
Family Planning
Overview of key steps and principles involved in providing quality family planning services, including information provision, counseling for informed choice, risk assessment, history taking, physical assessment, and method provision, emphas…
Febrile Convulsions
Neurological System
A generalized tonic-clonic seizure occurring in association with fever (>38°C) due to an extracranial illness, typically in children aged 3 months to 6 years. It is a diagnosis of exclusion, requiring ruling out CNS infection or other cause…
Febrile Convulsions Management
Emergency Medicine & Critical Care
A generalized tonic-clonic seizure occurring in association with fever (>38°C) due to an extracranial illness, typically in children aged 3 months to 6 years. It is a diagnosis of exclusion, requiring ruling out CNS infection or other cause…
Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalances (Overview)
Endocrine & Metabolic System
Disturbances in the body's total water volume, electrolyte concentration (e.g., Sodium, Potassium), or distribution between fluid compartments. Common in various illnesses and require careful assessment and management.
Fluid and Electrolyte Management Principles
Emergency Medicine & Critical Care
Principles guiding the intravenous administration of fluids and electrolytes to replace deficits, correct imbalances, and meet daily maintenance requirements in patients unable to take adequate oral intake or with significant losses.
Fluorosis (Dental)
Oral & Dental Health
Developmental disturbance of dental enamel caused by excessive fluoride intake during tooth formation, leading to enamel hypo-mineralization and varying degrees of opacity or discoloration.
Food Poisoning
Toxicology / Poisoning
Illness caused by consumption of food or water contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites) or their toxins. Often presents as acute gastroenteritis, potentially affecting multiple people who consumed the same …
Foreign Body in the Airway
Trauma & Injuries
Life-threatening emergency where an object is inhaled into the larynx, trachea, or bronchi, causing partial or complete airway obstruction. Most common in children <5 years.
Foreign Body in the Airway
ENT (Ear, Nose, Throat Conditions)
Inhalation of an object into the larynx, trachea, or bronchi. A life-threatening emergency if causing significant airway obstruction. Most common in children <5 years.
Foreign Body in the Ear
Trauma & Injuries
Presence of an external object (e.g., bead, seed, stone, cotton bud tip, insect) lodged within the external auditory canal.
Foreign Body in the Ear
ENT (Ear, Nose, Throat Conditions)
Presence of an external object or substance lodged in the external auditory canal.
Foreign Body in the Eye
Trauma & Injuries
Presence of an external object (e.g., dust, insect, metal/wood particle) or irritating substance (liquid splash) on the surface of the eye or under the eyelid.
Foreign Body in the Food Passage (Esophagus)
Trauma & Injuries
Lodging of an ingested object (e.g., food bolus, bone, coin, button battery, small toy) within the esophagus. Can cause pain, difficulty swallowing, or airway compromise if large.
Foreign Body in the Food Passage (Oesophagus/Pharynx)
ENT (Ear, Nose, Throat Conditions)
Lodgement of a foreign object (e.g., bone, coin, food bolus) in the pharynx or oesophagus.
Foreign Body in the Nose
Trauma & Injuries
Presence of an external object (e.g., bead, seed, paper, foam, stone, button battery) lodged within the nasal cavity. Most common in young children.
Foreign Body in the Nose
ENT (Ear, Nose, Throat Conditions)
Lodgement of an external object within the nasal cavity, most commonly seen in young children.
Fracture Management (Context: Musculoskeletal Chapter)
Musculoskeletal System & Rheumatology
Management principles for a complete or incomplete break in a bone, often due to trauma or underlying bone pathology. This section focuses on initial management steps at lower health facility levels before referral.
Fracture Management (General Principles)
Trauma & Injuries
General approach to managing a complete or incomplete break in a bone, typically caused by trauma but sometimes by underlying bone disease. Focuses on initial assessment, immobilization, pain control, and referral for definitive management.
Fungating Wound Management
Palliative Care
Management of malignant wounds resulting from tumour infiltration of the skin, often associated with exudate, malodour, bleeding, and pain.
Furuncle / Carbuncle
Dermatology (Skin Conditions)
A furuncle (boil) is a deep infection of a hair follicle leading to an abscess. A carbuncle is a larger, deeper lesion formed by the interconnection of multiple furuncles, often with multiple drainage points.
Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) / Biliary Colic
Gastrointestinal & Hepatic System
Formation of stones (calculi) within the gallbladder (cholelithiasis). Biliary colic refers to episodes of severe pain caused by temporary obstruction of the cystic duct or common bile duct by a gallstone.
Gastric Cancer
Oncology
Malignant tumour arising from the lining of the stomach. Adenocarcinoma is the most common histological type.
Gastritis
Gastrointestinal & Hepatic System
Inflammation of the gastric mucosa (stomach lining). Can be acute (sudden onset, short duration) or chronic (long-lasting).
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD/GORD)
Gastrointestinal & Hepatic System
A condition where stomach contents (acid, bile) reflux frequently into the oesophagus, causing troublesome symptoms (like heartburn) and/or complications (like oesophagitis). Often due to dysfunction of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS)…
General Management of Bites and Stings
Trauma & Injuries
General approach to managing wounds caused by teeth, fangs, or stings from animals, humans, or insects, focusing on initial first aid, wound cleaning, and assessment for complications.
General Management of Poisoning
Toxicology / Poisoning
General approach to managing the bodily entry of toxic substances that cause dysfunction. Covers supportive care, decontamination, antidotes, and enhanced elimination, emphasizing stabilization and symptomatic treatment as specific identifi…
Genital Ulcer Disease (GUD) Syndrome
HIV, STI & TB
Syndromic management for patients presenting with single or multiple ulcers or sores on the genitals. Covers common causes like Syphilis, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), and Chancroid.
Genital Warts
HIV, STI & TB
Superficial mucocutaneous growths on the genitals caused primarily by Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Differentiated from syphilitic warts (condylomata lata) and Molluscum contagiosum.