Clinical guide
Find a condition and read its clinical guidance.
410 conditions · Page 10 of 11
Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia)
Infectious Diseases
A parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (trematode worms) of the genus Schistosoma. Acquired through skin contact with contaminated freshwater containing infective cercariae released from specific snail intermediate hosts. Affects intest…
Septicaemia (Sepsis)
Infectious Diseases
A life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Bacteriaemia (bacteria in blood) may lead to sepsis. Often originates from a specific infection site (lungs, UTI, abdomen, skin).
Severe Malaria
Infectious Diseases
A medical emergency where Plasmodium falciparum infection causes life-threatening manifestations due to vital organ dysfunction. Requires urgent parenteral antimalarial treatment and intensive supportive care.
Sexual Assault / Rape Management
Trauma & Injuries
Management approach following sexual assault or rape, focusing on providing compassionate medical care, assessing and treating injuries, preventing pregnancy and STIs (including HIV), collecting forensic evidence appropriately, and offering…
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)
Hematology & Blood Transfusion
A group of inherited red blood cell disorders characterized by the presence of abnormal haemoglobin (Haemoglobin S - HbS). HbS causes red blood cells to become rigid and sickle-shaped, leading to vaso-occlusion, chronic haemolytic anaemia, …
Sinusitis (Acute)
ENT (Ear, Nose, Throat Conditions)
Inflammation of the lining of the paranasal sinuses, typically following a viral upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). May become secondarily infected by bacteria.
Snakebite Management
Trauma & Injuries
Management of bites from snakes, which can range from local effects (non-venomous or 'dry' bites) to severe systemic envenomation (cytotoxic, neurotoxic, hemotoxic) depending on the snake species and venom injected.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of the Skin
Oncology
A common type of skin cancer arising from keratinocytes in the epidermis. Often develops on sun-exposed areas, particularly in fair-skinned individuals, but also associated with chronic wounds, scars, and immunosuppression. Has potential fo…
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) / Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)
Dermatology (Skin Conditions)
Severe, life-threatening mucocutaneous hypersensitivity reactions, usually triggered by medications, characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of the epidermis. SJS involves <10% body surface area (BSA) detachment, SJS/TEN overlap …
Stomatitis
Oral & Dental Health
General term for inflammation of the mucous lining of any structures in the mouth (oral mucosa), which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, palate.
Stroke
Neurological System
A medical emergency occurring when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted, either by a blockage (ischemic stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke), leading to brain cell damage or death and resulting neurological dysfunction.
Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident - CVA)
Cardiovascular System
Acute neurological dysfunction resulting from disruption of blood supply to the brain, caused by either blockage (ischaemic stroke) or rupture (haemorrhagic stroke) of a blood vessel. A medical emergency requiring rapid diagnosis and manage…
Stye (Hordeolum)
Ophthalmology (Eye Conditions)
A localized, acute bacterial infection or inflammation of an eyelash follicle or associated gland (Zeis or Moll) on the eyelid margin (external hordeolum) or Meibomian gland within the eyelid (internal hordeolum).
Substance Abuse (Other than Alcohol)
Mental Health & Substance Use
Problematic pattern of using substances other than alcohol (e.g., cannabis, khat, opioids, cocaine, stimulants, sedatives, inhalants) leading to health damage (physical/mental), social dysfunction, or dependence.
Suicidal Behaviour / Self Harm
Mental Health & Substance Use
Suicidal behaviour refers to acts intended to end one's life. Self-harm refers to intentional self-poisoning or injury, which may or may not have fatal intent but indicates significant distress. Both require urgent assessment and management…
Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis (SAP)
Clinical Procedures & Support Services
Administration of antibiotics shortly before surgery to reduce the risk of surgical site infection (SSI) for specific types of procedures.
Surgical Contraception for Men (Vasectomy)
Family Planning
A permanent method of male contraception involving surgical cutting or blocking of the vas deferens (tubes carrying sperm from testes). Performed under local anaesthesia.
Surgical Contraception for Women (Tubal Ligation)
Family Planning
A permanent method of female contraception involving surgical blocking or cutting of the fallopian tubes to prevent sperm from reaching the egg. Can be performed via laparoscopy, minilaparotomy, or during/after Caesarean section.
Syphilis
HIV, STI & TB
A chronic, systemic bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum, transmitted sexually or congenitally. Presents in stages with diverse manifestations, affecting multiple organ systems if untreated.
Taeniasis / Cysticercosis
Infectious Diseases
Taeniasis is intestinal infection with adult tapeworms (Taenia saginata from beef, T. solium from pork, Diphyllobothrium latum from fish). Cysticercosis is tissue infection with larval cysts of T. solium (pork tapeworm) ONLY, acquired by in…
Tetanus
Infectious Diseases
An acute, often fatal disease caused by the neurotoxin (tetanospasmin) produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria. Characterized by muscle rigidity and painful spasms. Spores enter through wounds.
Tinea (Pityriasis) Versicolor
Dermatology (Skin Conditions)
A common, benign superficial fungal infection caused by Malassezia species (normal skin flora), leading to hypopigmented or hyperpigmented macules and patches, typically on the trunk.
Tinea Capitis
Dermatology (Skin Conditions)
Superficial fungal infection of the scalp hair shafts and follicles, primarily affecting children.
Tinea Corporis / Cruris / Pedis / Unguium
Dermatology (Skin Conditions)
Superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes affecting the smooth skin (corporis), groin (cruris), feet (pedis), or nails (unguium).
Trachoma
Ophthalmology (Eye Conditions)
A chronic infectious disease of the eye caused by specific serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide, spread through direct contact, fomites, and eye-seeking flies.
Traumatic Spinal Injury Management
Trauma & Injuries
Management principles for injury to the spinal column (vertebrae, ligaments, discs) and/or spinal cord resulting from trauma. Focuses on early recognition, immobilization to prevent further neurological damage, and timely referral for defin…
Tuberculosis (TB) Disease Management
HIV, STI & TB
Management of active tuberculosis, a chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, commonly affecting the lungs (pulmonary TB) but potentially any organ (extrapulmonary TB). Management involves multi-drug therapy over seve…
Tuberculosis of the Spine (Pott's Disease)
Musculoskeletal System & Rheumatology
Tuberculosis infection affecting the spine, most commonly the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae. Can lead to vertebral body destruction, collapse, kyphotic deformity (gibbus), and neurological complications (cord compression, parapl…
Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment (TPT)
HIV, STI & TB
Administration of anti-TB medication (e.g., Isoniazid, Rifapentine-based regimens) to individuals with latent TB infection (LTBI) to prevent progression to active TB disease. Primarily targeted at high-risk groups such as People Living with…
Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM)
Neurological System
Meningitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection spreading to the meninges, usually secondary to pulmonary or miliary TB. Typically has a subacute onset and carries high morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed and treated promptly…
Tuberculous Meningitis (TB Meningitis)
Infectious Diseases
Meningitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resulting from haematogenous spread from a primary site (usually lungs) or rupture of a Rich focus in the brain/meninges. Typically has a subacute onset.
Tungiasis
Dermatology (Skin Conditions)
Ectoparasitic skin infestation caused by the burrowing female sand flea, Tunga penetrans, typically affecting the feet.
Typhoid Fever (Enteric Fever)
Infectious Diseases
A systemic bacterial infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) or Paratyphi A, B, C. Spread via faecal-oral route through contaminated food and water.
Typhus Fever
Infectious Diseases
A group of febrile infectious diseases caused by Rickettsia species, transmitted by arthropod vectors (lice, fleas, mites).
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB)
Gastrointestinal & Hepatic System
Bleeding originating from a source proximal to the ligament of Treitz (oesophagus, stomach, duodenum). Can range from minor to life-threatening haemorrhage.
Urethral Discharge Syndrome (Male)
HIV, STI & TB
Management of urethral discharge in men, often accompanied by dysuria (painful urination). This syndromic approach covers common causes like Gonorrhoea and Chlamydia.
Urinary Incontinence
Renal & Urinary System
Involuntary leakage of urine. Common types include stress incontinence, urge incontinence (overactive bladder), mixed incontinence, and overflow incontinence.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Pregnancy
Obstetrics
Bacterial infection of the urinary tract during pregnancy, ranging from asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) to cystitis (bladder infection) and pyelonephritis (kidney infection). Poses risks if untreated.
Urticaria
Dermatology (Skin Conditions)
A common skin condition characterized by the sudden appearance of transient, itchy, raised wheals (hives) resulting from mast cell degranulation and histamine release in the dermis. Can be acute (<6 weeks) or chronic (>=6 weeks). Papular ur…
Use of Drugs in Renal Failure / Impairment
Renal & Urinary System
Guidance on adjusting medication use and dosage in patients with impaired kidney function (Acute Kidney Injury or Chronic Kidney Disease) to prevent drug accumulation, toxicity, and further kidney damage.