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Anatomy & Physiology — Final Examination Paper
Final Examination Paper

Anatomy & Physiology

Bachelors in Nursing  •  Semester 2, 2023

3 Hrs Duration
100 Total Marks
A · B · C Sections

Instructions to Candidates

  • Answer ALL questions in Section A (Objectives & Fill-ins).
  • Answer any THREE questions from Section B.
  • Answer any TWO questions from Section C.
  • Write clearly and legibly.
  • Do not write anything in the margins.

Section A

40 MARKS

Part I — Objectives (20 Marks). Answer ALL questions. Choose the most appropriate answer.

1. Which bone cell is responsible for resorbing (breaking down) bone matrix?

A. OsteocyteB. Osteoblast C. OsteoclastD. Osteogenic cell
Answer: C. Osteoclast — Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells that break down bone tissue for remodeling.

2. The "Waiter's Tip" position is a classic sign of injury to which part of the brachial plexus?

A. Lower Trunk (C8, T1)B. Upper Trunk (C5, C6) C. Medial CordD. Posterior Cord
Answer: B. Upper Trunk (C5, C6) — This is known as Erb-Duchenne Palsy, affecting muscles like the deltoid and biceps.

3. All muscles of facial expression are innervated by which cranial nerve?

A. Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)B. Facial Nerve (CN VII) C. Accessory Nerve (CN XI)D. Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
Answer: B. Facial Nerve (CN VII)

4. During which stage of lung maturation does surfactant production begin?

A. Pseudoglandular StageB. Canalicular Stage C. Saccular StageD. Alveolar Stage
Answer: C. Saccular Stage — Type II pneumocytes differentiate and begin surfactant production.

5. Which muscle is the primary flexor of the forearm at the elbow?

A. Biceps BrachiiB. Brachialis C. Triceps BrachiiD. Brachioradialis
Answer: B. Brachialis — It is the "workhorse" of elbow flexion, regardless of forearm position.

6. The sella turcica, which houses the pituitary gland, is a feature of which cranial bone?

A. Frontal BoneB. Ethmoid Bone C. Occipital BoneD. Sphenoid Bone
Answer: D. Sphenoid Bone — The sphenoid is the central "keystone" bone of the cranium.

7. In oogenesis, meiosis I is completed just before ovulation, resulting in:

A. One ovum and three polar bodiesB. Four functional ova C. Two secondary oocytesD. One secondary oocyte and one polar body
Answer: D. One secondary oocyte and one polar body — The division is unequal to preserve cytoplasm.

8. Which muscle is NOT part of the rotator cuff (SITS) group?

A. SupraspinatusB. Teres Major C. InfraspinatusD. Subscapularis
Answer: B. Teres Major — Teres Major is an adductor and medial rotator, but not a rotator cuff muscle.

9. The primary action of the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg (Fibularis Longus and Brevis) is:

A. DorsiflexionB. Inversion C. EversionD. Plantarflexion
Answer: C. Eversion — They are the primary everters of the foot.

10. An inability to abduct the thigh and a pelvic drop on the unsupported side (Trendelenburg sign) indicates damage to which nerve?

A. Femoral NerveB. Obturator Nerve C. Inferior Gluteal NerveD. Superior Gluteal Nerve
Answer: D. Superior Gluteal Nerve — This nerve innervates the Gluteus Medius and Minimus, the main hip abductors.

11. The olecranon process is a prominent feature of which bone?

A. RadiusB. Humerus C. UlnaD. Scapula
Answer: C. Ulna — It forms the point of the elbow.

12. All hamstring muscles are innervated by the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve EXCEPT:

A. Long head of Biceps FemorisB. Short head of Biceps Femoris C. SemitendinosusD. Semimembranosus
Answer: B. Short head of Biceps Femoris — It is innervated by the common fibular portion of the sciatic nerve.

13. Which of the following is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

A. SternumB. Ribs C. ClavicleD. Vertebrae
Answer: C. Clavicle — The clavicle is part of the pectoral girdle, which belongs to the appendicular skeleton.

14. The "anatomical snuffbox" is formed by the tendons of all the following muscles EXCEPT:

A. Abductor Pollicis LongusB. Extensor Pollicis Brevis C. Abductor Pollicis BrevisD. Extensor Pollicis Longus
Answer: C. Abductor Pollicis Brevis — This is a thenar muscle in the hand, not a posterior forearm muscle.

15. Referred pain to the shoulder tip is often a sign of irritation to the diaphragmatic pleura, carried by which nerve?

A. Vagus NerveB. Phrenic Nerve C. Intercostal NerveD. Long Thoracic Nerve
Answer: B. Phrenic Nerve — Its root values C3-C5 correspond to the shoulder dermatome.

16. The patella is classified as which type of bone?

A. Long BoneB. Irregular Bone C. Flat BoneD. Sesamoid Bone
Answer: D. Sesamoid Bone — It is a bone embedded within a tendon.

17. Which muscle is responsible for the first 15 degrees of arm abduction?

A. DeltoidB. Pectoralis Major C. SupraspinatusD. Latissimus Dorsi
Answer: C. Supraspinatus — The deltoid takes over as the primary abductor after the initial 15 degrees.

18. The Adductor Pollicis muscle in the hand is innervated by the:

A. Median NerveB. Radial Nerve C. Musculocutaneous NerveD. Ulnar Nerve
Answer: D. Ulnar Nerve — It is the "odd one out" of the thenar group muscles.

19. The microscopic, cylindrical unit of compact bone is called a(n):

A. TrabeculaB. Lamella C. OsteonD. Canaliculus
Answer: C. Osteon — Also known as a Haversian system.

20. The "sit bones" are technically known as the:

A. Iliac CrestsB. Pubic Tubercles C. Ischial TuberositiesD. Sacral Promontory
Answer: C. Ischial Tuberosities — They bear the body's weight when sitting.

Part II — Fill in the Blanks (20 Marks). Answer ALL questions in this part.

21.The primary muscle of respiration that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the click to reveal.
22.The nerve that innervates the muscles of facial expression is the click to reveal.
23.The final maturation stage where a round spermatid is remodeled into a spermatozoon is called click to reveal.
24.The mnemonic "PAD" helps to remember that the Palmar Interossei muscles click to reveal the fingers.
25.The C1 vertebra is known as the click to reveal, while the C2 vertebra is the click to reveal.
26.The three muscles that insert at the pes anserinus on the medial side of the tibia are the Sartorius, Gracilis, and click to reveal.
27."Winging of the scapula" is caused by paralysis of the Serratus Anterior muscle due to injury to the click to reveal.
28.The inorganic component that gives bone its hardness and resistance to compression is primarily click to reveal.
29.In a female, a secondary oocyte is arrested in click to reveal of meiosis until fertilization occurs.
30.The longest muscle in the human body is the click to reveal.

Section B

30 MARKS

Answer any THREE questions from this section.

  1. Describe the structure of a long bone, identifying the diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphysis, periosteum, and medullary cavity.
  2. List the four muscles of the Quadriceps Femoris group and state their common insertion and primary action.
  3. Explain the clinical significance of the Long Thoracic Nerve, including the muscle it innervates and the resulting deficit if it is injured.
  4. Differentiate between the visceral and parietal pleura in terms of location and nerve supply.
  5. List the five major terminal nerves of the brachial plexus and state the primary motor compartment each one supplies.

Section C

30 MARKS

Answer any TWO questions from this section.

  1. Describe the five stages of endochondral ossification, from the formation of a hyaline cartilage model to the appearance of secondary ossification centers.
  2. Compare and contrast the muscles of the anterior and posterior compartments of the leg. For each compartment, state the general innervation, primary actions, and list at least two major muscles.
  3. Describe the anatomy of the skull. List the 8 bones of the cranium and the 14 bones of the face.
— END OF EXAMINATION PAPER —

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