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Kebera obubonero obwobulabe okusooka
Omwana omuto 0-2 emyezi Omwana 2 emyezi-5 emyaka
Ebisinga: Malaria Pneumonia Diarrhoea Fever HIV

Results for "HIV" (Age: 0 - 2 months)

HIV Exposed: Possible HIV Infection (Infant) 0 - 2 months

Link to Care / Initiate Prophylaxis / Schedule Testing High match
Byo ogamba omukuumi
  • Explain 'HIV Exposed' status and need for testing.
  • Explain importance of daily Co-trimoxazole starting at 6 weeks.
  • Explain importance of daily infant ARV prophylaxis.
  • Provide detailed counselling on safe infant feeding (exclusive breastfeeding preferred if mother on ART, or safe replacement feeding).
  • Explain EID testing schedule.
  • Counsel on mother's own health and ART adherence.
  • Advise on assessing for TB.
  • Advise on signs of illness requiring immediate care.

Classification for a young infant (<2 months) born to an HIV-positive mother, whose own HIV status is not yet confirmed negative by virological testing after cessation of exposure. Requires co-trimoxazole prophylaxis from 6 weeks, ARV prophylaxis, timely EID testing, and specific feeding counselling.

Key Features
  • Infant born to HIV-positive mother.
  • Infant's HIV status not confirmed negative post-exposure.
  • Requires Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis from 6 weeks.
  • Requires infant ARV prophylaxis as per national PMTCT guidelines.
  • Requires timely EID testing (DNA PCR) at 6 weeks and after breastfeeding cessation.
  • Requires specific counselling on safe infant feeding.
Red Flags (Warning Signs)
  • Any signs of PSBI/Very Severe Disease.
  • Signs suggestive of HIV infection (thrush, poor growth etc.).
  • Mother not on ART or infant not receiving ARV prophylaxis (high transmission risk).
Okukebera
Buuza
  • Has the mother had an HIV test? (Mother is HIV-positive).
  • Has the infant had an HIV virological test (DNA PCR)? (If yes, was it negative? When was it done relative to breastfeeding?)
  • Is the infant breastfeeding?
  • Is mother on ART and infant on ARV prophylaxis?
  • Determine infant's status based on mother's status and infant testing:
  • Case 1: Mother HIV+ AND infant not yet tested.
  • Case 2: Mother HIV+ AND infant had negative DNA PCR but exposure (breastfeeding) is ongoing or stopped < 6 weeks ago.
Classification
  • (Mother HIV positive AND negative virological test in infant who is breastfeeding or stopped less than 6 weeks ago) OR (Mother HIV positive, young infant not yet tested) -> HIV EXPOSED: POSSIBLE HIV INFECTION
Urgency / Refer urgently

Link to Care / Initiate Prophylaxis / Schedule Testing

Enfuga
Non-Pharmacological Management
  • Link infant to Mother-Baby care point / PMTCT services for follow-up, ARV prophylaxis, and EID testing.
  • Assess feeding and provide counselling on safe infant feeding options (Exclusive breastfeeding recommended for first 6 months if mother adherent to ART and infant receiving prophylaxis; discuss replacement feeding risks/benefits - follow national guidelines).
  • Assess for TB.
  • Monitor growth.
Pharmacological Treatment
  • Start Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis from 6 weeks of age. Dose: 2.5ml syrup (or 1 infant tab) daily. Continue until HIV excluded after breastfeeding cessation.
  • Ensure infant receives appropriate ARV prophylaxis (e.g., Nevirapine or Zidovudine) daily from birth for duration recommended by national guidelines (e.g., 6 weeks or duration of breastfeeding).
  • Perform DNA PCR test at 6 weeks of age. If positive -> Confirmed HIV Infection. If negative, continue prophylaxis and re-test after breastfeeding cessation.
  • Treat any current illness according to IMCI guidelines.
  • Ensure immunizations are up-to-date (give BCG at birth unless symptomatic).
Monitoring & Follow-Up
  • Regular follow-up at Mother-Baby care point for EID testing, ARV prophylaxis, co-trimoxazole, feeding support, growth monitoring.
  • Definitive testing after breastfeeding cessation.
Counselling Points
  • Explain 'HIV Exposed' status and need for testing.
  • Explain importance of daily Co-trimoxazole starting at 6 weeks.
  • Explain importance of daily infant ARV prophylaxis.
  • Provide detailed counselling on safe infant feeding (exclusive breastfeeding preferred if mother on ART, or safe replacement feeding).
  • Explain EID testing schedule.
  • Counsel on mother's own health and ART adherence.
  • Advise on assessing for TB.
  • Advise on signs of illness requiring immediate care.
Differential Diagnosis
  • Confirmed HIV Infection
  • HIV Infection Unlikely
Potential Complications
  • Risk of HIV transmission.
  • Increased risk of common illnesses.
Prevention
  • Effective PMTCT.
  • Infant ARV prophylaxis.
  • Safe infant feeding.
  • Co-trimoxazole.

Reference: IMCI Chart Booklet - Page 36 (Classification), Page 37 (Management Principles), Page 14 (Co-trimoxazole reference)

Confirmed HIV Infection (Infant) 0 - 2 months

Link Urgently to ART Clinic / Initiate Prophylaxis High match
Byo ogamba omukuumi
  • Explain the positive HIV result clearly and sensitively.
  • Explain the critical importance of starting ART immediately for the baby's health.
  • Explain the need for daily Co-trimoxazole.
  • Provide detailed counselling on safe and appropriate infant feeding according to national guidelines for HIV-positive infants.
  • Emphasize importance of adherence to both ART and co-trimoxazole.
  • Counsel on preventing opportunistic infections.
  • Address mother's health and ART adherence.
  • Assess for TB and counsel on monitoring.
  • Link family with support services.

Classification for a young infant (<2 months) with a confirmed positive HIV virological test (DNA PCR). Requires immediate linkage to HIV care, initiation of ART, and co-trimoxazole prophylaxis.

Key Features
  • Positive DNA PCR test confirms HIV infection in an infant.
  • Requires urgent initiation of lifelong ART.
  • Requires co-trimoxazole prophylaxis starting at 6 weeks.
Red Flags (Warning Signs)
  • Any signs of PSBI/Very Severe Disease.
  • Signs suggestive of opportunistic infection (severe thrush, pneumonia, diarrhoea).
  • Failure to thrive.
  • Rapid disease progression.
Okukebera
Buuza
  • Has the mother or child had an HIV test?
  • Confirm infant has had a positive HIV virological test (DNA PCR).
Classification
  • Infant has positive virological test (DNA PCR) -> CONFIRMED HIV INFECTION
Urgency / Refer urgently

Link Urgently to ART Clinic / Initiate Prophylaxis

Enfuga
Non-Pharmacological Management
  • Link infant URGENTLY to HIV Care/ART clinic for initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy.
  • Assess feeding and provide appropriate counselling (balancing benefits of breastfeeding with transmission risk, supporting safe replacement feeding if chosen/appropriate - follow national guidelines).
  • Assess for TB.
  • Provide psychosocial support to mother/family.
Pharmacological Treatment
  • Start Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis from 6 weeks of age (or immediately if diagnosed after 6 weeks). Dose: Age 6 weeks - 6 months: 2.5ml syrup (or 1 infant tab) daily. Continue lifelong.
  • Initiate ART as per national guidelines under specialist care.
  • Treat any current illness according to IMCI guidelines (be aware of increased severity risk).
  • Ensure immunizations are up-to-date (BCG usually given at birth unless symptomatic infant; other EPI vaccines as per schedule for HIV+ infants).
Monitoring & Follow-Up
  • Requires lifelong, regular follow-up at ART clinic for monitoring (clinical, growth, CD4, viral load), adherence support, management of complications.
Counselling Points
  • Explain the positive HIV result clearly and sensitively.
  • Explain the critical importance of starting ART immediately for the baby's health.
  • Explain the need for daily Co-trimoxazole.
  • Provide detailed counselling on safe and appropriate infant feeding according to national guidelines for HIV-positive infants.
  • Emphasize importance of adherence to both ART and co-trimoxazole.
  • Counsel on preventing opportunistic infections.
  • Address mother's health and ART adherence.
  • Assess for TB and counsel on monitoring.
  • Link family with support services.
Differential Diagnosis
  • HIV Exposed
Potential Complications
  • Rapid disease progression
  • Severe opportunistic infections (PCP, TB etc.)
  • Failure to thrive / Severe malnutrition
  • Neurodevelopmental delay
  • Early death
Prevention
  • Effective PMTCT interventions.
  • This classification represents a failure of prevention, focus shifts to treatment.

Reference: IMCI Chart Booklet - Page 36 (Classification), Page 37 (Management Principles), Page 14 (Co-trimoxazole reference)

HIV Infection Unlikely (Infant) 0 - 2 months

Routine Care High match
Byo ogamba omukuumi
  • Reassure mother about negative HIV status.
  • Provide counselling for any presenting illness.
  • Provide general infant care and feeding advice.

Classification for a young infant (<2 months) whose mother has tested HIV negative. Requires routine infant care.

Key Features
  • Confirmed negative HIV status of the mother.
  • Indicates infant is not exposed to HIV.
  • Requires standard IMCI management.
Okukebera
Buuza
  • Has the mother had an HIV test?
  • Confirm mother tested HIV-negative.
Classification
  • Negative HIV test for mother -> HIV UNLIKELY
Urgency / Refer urgently

Routine Care

Enfuga
Non-Pharmacological Management
  • Provide routine assessment and management for any presenting illness.
  • Provide age-appropriate feeding counselling (exclusive breastfeeding).
Pharmacological Treatment
  • Treat any current illness according to IMCI guidelines.
  • Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis and ARV prophylaxis are NOT indicated.
Monitoring & Follow-Up
  • Follow up for presenting illness as needed.
  • Continue routine child health services.
Counselling Points
  • Reassure mother about negative HIV status.
  • Provide counselling for any presenting illness.
  • Provide general infant care and feeding advice.
Prevention
  • Mother remaining HIV negative.

Reference: IMCI Chart Booklet - Page 36 (Classification), Page 37 (Management)

HIV Infection Status Unknown (Infant) 0 - 2 months

Encourage Urgent HIV Testing for Mother High match
Byo ogamba omukuumi
  • Explain the importance of knowing mother's HIV status for the baby's health.
  • Offer/facilitate immediate HIV testing and counselling for the mother.
  • Explain confidentiality.

Classification for a young infant (<2 months) whose mother's HIV status is unknown and the infant has not been tested. Requires counselling and urgent offering of HIV testing for the mother.

Key Features
  • HIV status of mother (and therefore infant exposure) is unknown.
  • Requires urgent HIV testing and counselling (HTC) for the mother to guide infant management.
Red Flags (Warning Signs)
  • Infant showing signs suggestive of HIV infection increases urgency for maternal testing.
Okukebera
Buuza
  • Has the mother had an HIV test? (Answer is No, or status unknown).
  • Confirm infant has not had HIV testing.
Classification
  • HIV test not done for mother or infant -> HIV INFECTION STATUS UNKNOWN
Urgency / Refer urgently

Encourage Urgent HIV Testing for Mother

Enfuga
Non-Pharmacological Management
  • Strongly encourage mother to go for HIV counselling and testing immediately.
  • Provide general infant care advice.
Pharmacological Treatment
  • Treat any current illness according to IMCI guidelines.
  • Do NOT start Co-trimoxazole or infant ARV prophylaxis until mother's status is known.
Monitoring & Follow-Up
  • Depends on mother accepting testing.
  • If mother tests positive -> Manage infant as HIV Exposed.
  • If mother tests negative -> Manage infant as HIV Infection Unlikely.
  • Follow up for presenting illness.
Counselling Points
  • Explain the importance of knowing mother's HIV status for the baby's health.
  • Offer/facilitate immediate HIV testing and counselling for the mother.
  • Explain confidentiality.
Potential Complications
  • Delayed diagnosis of maternal/infant HIV.
  • Missed opportunity for PMTCT.
  • Delayed infant prophylaxis if exposed.
Prevention
  • Routine offering of HTC in all maternal and child health settings.

Reference: IMCI Chart Booklet - Page 36 (Classification), Page 37 (Management)

Severe Dehydration (Young Infant) 0 - 2 months

Immediate Treatment (Plan C) / Refer URGENTLY High match
Byo ogamba omukuumi
  • Explain the seriousness of dehydration in a young baby and the need for urgent hospital treatment.
  • Show how to give ORS sips frequently during transport if applicable.
  • Advise on keeping infant warm.
  • Advise mother to continue breastfeeding whenever infant wants.

Classification for a young infant with diarrhoea exhibiting two or more signs of severe dehydration. This is a critical condition requiring immediate fluid resuscitation (Plan C, modified for infants) and urgent referral.

Key Features
  • Requires TWO or more of the following signs: Lethargic/unconscious OR Movement only when stimulated/no movement OR Sunken eyes OR Skin pinch goes back very slowly (>2 seconds).
  • Indicates severe fluid and electrolyte loss, which is particularly dangerous in young infants.
  • Requires immediate fluid resuscitation, preferably IV or NG if trained (Plan C), and urgent referral.
Red Flags (Warning Signs)
  • Lethargy / Unconsciousness / No movement
  • Skin pinch > 2 seconds
  • Signs of shock (cold periphery, poor capillary refill, weak pulse)
  • Inability to feed/take fluids
  • Associated signs of PSBI/Very Severe Disease
Okukebera
Buuza
  • Does the young infant have diarrhoea? (Note: Stools are normally frequent/semisolid in breastfed babies. Diarrhoea is a change to many watery stools).
Tunuulira, wulira, kwata
  • Look at the infant's general condition/movements. Is the infant lethargic or unconscious? Moves only when stimulated or no movement at all?
  • Look for sunken eyes.
  • Pinch the skin of the abdomen. Does it go back Very slowly (longer than 2 seconds)?
Classification
  • Two or more of the following signs: (Movement only when stimulated or no movement at all / Lethargic or unconscious) OR (Sunken eyes) OR (Skin pinch goes back very slowly) -> SEVERE DEHYDRATION
Urgency / Refer urgently

Immediate Treatment (Plan C) / Refer URGENTLY

Obujjanjabi nga tonasindika
  • If referring urgently: Ensure airway is clear. Give frequent sips of ORS on the way if infant can drink. Keep infant warm (Page 40). Give other essential pre-referral treatments based on other classifications (e.g., antibiotic for PSBI - Page 40).
Enfuga
Non-Pharmacological Management
  • If providing Plan C in clinic: Ensure immediate access to IV/NG equipment and ORS. Monitor closely.
  • If referring: Keep infant warm. Continue ORS sips frequently if possible.
Pharmacological Treatment
  • TREAT WITH PLAN C (Young Infant Version - Page 41):
  • If IV Therapy Possible Immediately: Start IV fluid. Give 100 ml/kg Ringer's Lactate Solution (or Normal Saline). Give 30ml/kg in 1 hour, THEN 70ml/kg in 5 hours.
  • Reassess frequently (every hour initially). If hydration not improving, give IV drip faster.
  • Also give ORS (about 5 ml/kg/hour) by mouth/NG tube as soon as infant can take it.
  • Reassess dehydration status after 6 hours and choose appropriate plan (A, B, repeat C).
  • If IV Therapy Not Available/Possible:
  • If trained in NG tube insertion: Start rehydration by NG tube with ORS solution: give 20 ml/kg/hour for 6 hours (total 120 ml/kg). Reassess every 1-2 hours. If vomiting/distension, slow rate. If not improving after 3 hrs, refer urgently for IV.
  • If NG tube not possible AND infant can drink: Refer URGENTLY. Give mother ORS and show how to give frequent sips during the trip.
  • If infant also has another severe classification (e.g., PSBI): Refer URGENTLY after stabilizing airway/breathing and giving essential pre-referral treatments (e.g., antibiotic). Give frequent sips of ORS on the way if possible.
Monitoring & Follow-Up
  • Managed initially under Plan C, then reassessed.
  • If discharged on Plan A or B, follow-up as per those plans.
Counselling Points
  • Explain the seriousness of dehydration in a young baby and the need for urgent hospital treatment.
  • Show how to give ORS sips frequently during transport if applicable.
  • Advise on keeping infant warm.
  • Advise mother to continue breastfeeding whenever infant wants.
Differential Diagnosis
  • Some Dehydration (Young Infant)
  • Septic shock
  • Other causes of altered consciousness/lethargy (PSBI, meningitis, hypoglycemia)
Potential Complications
  • Hypovolemic shock
  • Acute kidney injury
  • Severe electrolyte imbalance
  • Seizures
  • Death
Prevention
  • Exclusive breastfeeding.
  • Handwashing.
  • Safe water/sanitation.
  • Rotavirus vaccination (where available, consider age limits).
  • Prompt management of diarrhoea with ORS and continued feeding.

Reference: IMCI Chart Booklet - Page 35, Page 41 (Plan C - Young Infant), Page 40 (Pre-referral Warmth/Antibiotic)

Features

IMCI Guidelines

Quickly access assessment, classification, and treatment guidance from the IMCI handbook.

Symptom Search

Search by condition name, keyword, or common symptoms such as fever, cough, or diarrhoea.

Age Groups

Separate guidance for young infants 0-2 months and children 2 months-5 years.

Red Flags

Identify urgent warning signs early and know when referral is needed.

Common Conditions Quick Access

Respiratory

Cough / Pneumonia

Guidance for assessing cough, difficult breathing, and classifying pneumonia severity.

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Gastrointestinal

Diarrhoea / Dehydration

Protocols for diarrhoea assessment, dehydration levels, and fluid management.

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Systemic

Fever / Malaria

Steps for managing fever, malaria testing, and treating febrile illness.

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Severe Illness

Danger Signs

Identify general danger signs that need urgent referral and immediate action.

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Important Disclaimer

This search tool is for informational and educational use by trained health workers using IMCI guidance. It is not a substitute for professional medical diagnosis, treatment, or emergency care. Parents and caregivers should seek qualified medical help immediately when a child is unwell.

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